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from http://www.williamjames.com/Intro/CONTENTS.htm
The Roots of Consciousness
Jeffrey Mishlove, PhD
 
Contents
Dedication..............................................................................................................................................................6
 
Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................................................7
 
Introduction to the Second Edition.....................................................................................................................8
 
SECTION I: THE HISTORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS EXPLORATION.....................................12
 
Shamanistic Traditions......................................................................................................................................12
 
Ancient Mesopotamia.........................................................................................................................................18
 
Dream Portents..............................................................................................................................................18
 
Ancient India.......................................................................................................................................................20
 
The Language of Consciousness...................................................................................................................20
 
The Discipline of Yoga...................................................................................................................................21
 
Ancient China......................................................................................................................................................23
 
Taoism............................................................................................................................................................23
 
Ancient Greece...................................................................................................................................................25
 
Mystery Traditions..........................................................................................................................................25
 
Oracles...........................................................................................................................................................26
 
Pythagoras.....................................................................................................................................................27
 
Democritus.....................................................................................................................................................28
 
Socrates.........................................................................................................................................................28
 
Plato...............................................................................................................................................................29
 
 
2Aristotle..........................................................................................................................................................30
 
Neoplatonism.................................................................................................................................................30
 
Ancient Rome......................................................................................................................................................33
 
Apollonius of Tyana........................................................................................................................................34
 
Ancient Hebrews and Early Christians.............................................................................................................36
 
Prophecy........................................................................................................................................................36
 
The Teachings of Jesus.................................................................................................................................36
 
Christian Saints..............................................................................................................................................38
 
The Monastic Tradition...................................................................................................................................38
 
Hermeticism........................................................................................................................................................40
 
Islamic Explorations of Consciousness...........................................................................................................43
 
Theories of Occult Radiation..........................................................................................................................43
 
Medieval Explorations of Consciousness........................................................................................................44
 
Maimonides....................................................................................................................................................44
 
Albertus Magnus............................................................................................................................................45
 
Renaissance Explorations.................................................................................................................................45
 
Cornelius Agrippa...........................................................................................................................................45
 
Paracelsus......................................................................................................................................................47
 
John Dee........................................................................................................................................................48
 
The Rosicrucians............................................................................................................................................49
 
The Age of Enlightenment.................................................................................................................................53
 
Descartes and Mind-Body Dualism................................................................................................................53
 
Leibnitz and Monadology...............................................................................................................................53
 
Idealism..........................................................................................................................................................54
 
Sir Isaac Newton............................................................................................................................................55
 
SECTION II: THE FOLKLORE OF CONSCIOUSNESS EXPLORATION.................................57
 
Astrology.............................................................................................................................................................57
 
Ptolmaic Astrology..........................................................................................................................................59
 
Kepler and Astrology......................................................................................................................................59
 
Astrology in Contemporary Times..................................................................................................................60
 
Astro-Biology..................................................................................................................................................65
 
Chronotopology..............................................................................................................................................68
 
Arthur M. Young's "Geometry of Meaning"....................................................................................................69
 
Concluding Thoughts on Astrology................................................................................................................73
 
Astral Projection and Out-Of-Body Experiences............................................................................................77
 
Ramacharaka's Theosophical Perspective....................................................................................................79
 
An Accidental Projection................................................................................................................................81
 
OBE In A Dream.............................................................................................................................................81
 
Conscious Astral Projection...........................................................................................................................82
 
Robert Crookall's Observations......................................................................................................................83
 
Contemporary Perspectives About OBEs......................................................................................................84
 
Healing.................................................................................................................................................................88
 
Healing Temples............................................................................................................................................88
 
An Inner Healing Advisor...............................................................................................................................89
 
Mesmerism.....................................................................................................................................................90
 
Animal Magnetism..........................................................................................................................................91
 
Holistic Faith Healing.....................................................................................................................................95
 
Radionics........................................................................................................................................................96
 
Edgar Cayce...................................................................................................................................................97
 
Psychic Surgery.............................................................................................................................................98
 
Delusion and Fraud......................................................................................................................................102
 
Healing at Lourdes.......................................................................................................................................103
 
Mental Imagery.............................................................................................................................................104
 
Omega Seminar Techniques.......................................................................................................................105
 
A Case Study...............................................................................................................................................106
 
Ramacharaka's Healing Exercise................................................................................................................107
 
Deep Healing................................................................................................................................................111
 
 
3
Spiritual Anatomy.............................................................................................................................................116
 
Thoughtforms...............................................................................................................................................117
 
The Aura.......................................................................................................................................................119
 
Auric Colors and Their Meanings.................................................................................................................119
 
Experimental Tests of the Aura....................................................................................................................122
 
The Vital Body..............................................................................................................................................123
 
The Chakras.................................................................................................................................................126
 
Chinese Acupuncture...................................................................................................................................129
 
Wilhelm Reich and Orgone Energy..............................................................................................................130
 
The Russian Concept of Biological Plasma.................................................................................................132
 
High-voltage Photography............................................................................................................................133
 
High-voltage Photography Anecdotes.........................................................................................................135
 
The Phantom Leaf Effect.............................................................................................................................136
 
Kurt Lewin's Field Theory.............................................................................................................................137
 
Communication with Higher Intelligence.......................................................................................................142
 
Angels and Guardian Spirits........................................................................................................................142
 
The Glance of the Master.............................................................................................................................142
 
Cabala..........................................................................................................................................................145
 
Emmanuel Swedenborg...............................................................................................................................146
 
Gustav Theodor Fechner and Psychophysics.............................................................................................148
 
The Theosophical Society............................................................................................................................149
 
A Course in Miracles....................................................................................................................................151
 
The Invisible College....................................................................................................................................153
 
Other Worlds.....................................................................................................................................................157
 
Swedenborg.................................................................................................................................................157
 
From India to the Planet Mars......................................................................................................................157
 
The Fatima Appearances.............................................................................................................................158
 
UFOs As Apparitions....................................................................................................................................159
 
Carl Jung's Interpretation of UFOs...............................................................................................................159
 
Uri Geller and UFOs.....................................................................................................................................160
 
The Stella Lansing Case..............................................................................................................................161
 
Automobile Teleportation.............................................................................................................................162
 
The Strange Case of Dr. X...........................................................................................................................162
 
Biological Effects of UFO Contact................................................................................................................163
 
The Betty and Barney Hill Case...................................................................................................................164
 
Robert Monroe UFO Encounter...................................................................................................................166
 
UFO Contactee Cults...................................................................................................................................167
 
Ray Stanford UFO Research.......................................................................................................................168
 
Earth's Ambassador: The PK Man...............................................................................................................169
 
Flying saucer report to Concord PD.............................................................................................................170
 
UFO Research Today..................................................................................................................................171
 
Close Encounters.........................................................................................................................................172
 
Jacques Vallee's Analysis............................................................................................................................173
 
Life Within Death -- Death Within Life............................................................................................................177
 
Survival of Consciousness After Death........................................................................................................177
 
Ancient Egypt...............................................................................................................................................177
 
The Tibetan Book of the Dead.....................................................................................................................178
 
The Visions of Gustav Theodore Fechner...................................................................................................180
 
Spiritualism...................................................................................................................................................181
 
The Spiritism of Allan Kardec.......................................................................................................................183
 
Founding of the Society for Psychical Research.........................................................................................183
 
Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death....................................................................................184
 
The Watseka Wonder..................................................................................................................................186
 
Apparitions and Hauntings...........................................................................................................................190
 
Near Death Experiences..............................................................................................................................194
 
Mediumship..................................................................................................................................................196
 
Mrs. Piper.....................................................................................................................................................196
 
Cross-Correspondences..............................................................................................................................199
 
The "Margery" Mediumship..........................................................................................................................202
 
Reincarnation...............................................................................................................................................203
 
Xenoglossy...................................................................................................................................................206
 
Unusual Powers of Mind Over Matter.............................................................................................................209
 
 
4Sir William Crookes' Researches.................................................................................................................212
 
Marthe Beraud..............................................................................................................................................214
 
Paraffin Hands..............................................................................................................................................215
 
Eusapia Palladino.........................................................................................................................................216
 
Psychic Photography...................................................................................................................................218
 
Nina Kulagina...............................................................................................................................................220
 
Uri Geller......................................................................................................................................................221
 
Poltergeist Cases.........................................................................................................................................223
 
Matthew Manning.........................................................................................................................................224
 
Philip the Ghost............................................................................................................................................225
 
Ted Owens – The "PK Man"........................................................................................................................226
 
Firewalking........................................................................................................................................................231
 
Psionics -- Practical Application of Psychic Awareness..............................................................................236
 
Harmful Purposes.........................................................................................................................................236
 
National Security Applications......................................................................................................................237
 
Accident prevention......................................................................................................................................242
 
Dowsing........................................................................................................................................................242
 
Treasure Hunting..........................................................................................................................................243
 
Accuracy of Information Transmission.........................................................................................................244
 
Psychic Archeology......................................................................................................................................245
 
Psychic Police Work.....................................................................................................................................246
 
Journalism and Investigative Reporting.......................................................................................................249
 
History..........................................................................................................................................................249
 
Precognition in Business Management........................................................................................................249
 
Public Safety................................................................................................................................................251
 
Education.....................................................................................................................................................252
 
Creativity in Art, Literature and Music..........................................................................................................252
 
Agriculture and Pest Control........................................................................................................................253
 
Athletics and Sports.....................................................................................................................................253
 
Finding Lost Objects....................................................................................................................................253
 
Scientific Discovery......................................................................................................................................254
 
Weather Prediction and Control...................................................................................................................254
 
Animal Training and Interspecies Communication.......................................................................................254
 
Intuitive Consensus......................................................................................................................................257
 
Some Concluding Thoughts About Folklore................................................................................................258
 
SECTION III: THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS.............................264
 
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................264
 
The Problem of Consciousness......................................................................................................................265
 
To Err is Human................................................................................................................................................269
 
The Psychology of Cognitive Biases............................................................................................................269
 
The Illusion of Self-Awareness.....................................................................................................................274
 
The Illusion of Control..................................................................................................................................275
 
The Need to be Consistent..........................................................................................................................275
 
The Sleeper Effect........................................................................................................................................277
 
The Effect of Formal Research....................................................................................................................277
 
Extrasensory Perception (ESP).......................................................................................................................283
 
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................283
 
J. B. Rhine's Early Research at Duke University.........................................................................................283
 
Criticisms of ESP Research.........................................................................................................................285
 
Unconscious ESP.........................................................................................................................................286
 
Dream Telepathy..........................................................................................................................................287
 
Hypnosis and ESP.......................................................................................................................................288
 
Exceptional ESP Laboratory Performers.....................................................................................................289
 
Ganzfeld Research.......................................................................................................................................292
 
The Experimenter Effect..............................................................................................................................295
 
The Sheep-Goat Effect................................................................................................................................296
 
Psi-Missing...................................................................................................................................................297
 
ESP and Personality Traits..........................................................................................................................298
 
Extraversion/Introversion.............................................................................................................................298
 
 
5Effects of Different ESP Targets..................................................................................................................299
 
Psi Mediated Instrumental Response..........................................................................................................299
 
Stanford's Conformance Behavior Model....................................................................................................300
 
Precognition.................................................................................................................................................301
 
Psychokinesis...................................................................................................................................................310
 
Rhine's Early Studies...................................................................................................................................310
 
PK With Random Number Generators (RNGs)...........................................................................................311
 
PK Placement Studies.................................................................................................................................314
 
Chinese Reports of Psychokinesis Associated with ESP............................................................................314
 
PK Metal-Bending........................................................................................................................................315
 
Bio-PK..........................................................................................................................................................316
 
Psionics -- Practical Application of Psychic Awareness..............................................................................321
 
Casino Gambling Simulation........................................................................................................................321
 
Psi Healing.........................................................................................................................................................323
 
Bernard Grad's Research at McGill University.............................................................................................323
 
Conceptual Replications of Grad's Research..............................................................................................324
 
The Transpersonal Imagery Effect...............................................................................................................327
 
Proper Scientific Controls for ESP Experimentation....................................................................................332
 
Randomization.............................................................................................................................................332
 
Sensory Leakage.........................................................................................................................................334
 
Subject Cheating..........................................................................................................................................336
 
Recording Error............................................................................................................................................337
 
Classification and Scoring Errors.................................................................................................................337
 
Statistical/Methodological Violations............................................................................................................337
 
Reporting Failures........................................................................................................................................339
 
Experimenter Fraud......................................................................................................................................339
 
Evaluating Psi Research..................................................................................................................................342
 
SECTION IV: THEORIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS.................................................................346
 
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................346
 
The Biological Perspective..............................................................................................................................347
 
The Nervous System....................................................................................................................................347
 
The Endocrine System.................................................................................................................................350
 
Melanin: The Organizing Molecule...............................................................................................................352
 
The Temporal Lobe Factor in Psychic Experience......................................................................................352
 
The Ecology of Consciousness....................................................................................................................354
 
Challenges to the Biological Identity Model.................................................................................................359
 
Consciousness and the New Physics............................................................................................................365
 
Space-Time According to Einstein...............................................................................................................365
 
Folded Space...............................................................................................................................................366
 
Multidimensional Spacetime........................................................................................................................366
 
The EPR Effect and Bell's Theorem............................................................................................................367
 
The Implicate Order......................................................................................................................................368
 
Observational Theories................................................................................................................................369
 
Unified Field Theory and Consciousness....................................................................................................370
 
Evaluating Implications of the New Physics.................................................................................................373
 
The Reflexive Universe....................................................................................................................................376
 
 
6
Dedication
 
The Roots of Consciousness
 To my beloved wife, Janelle M. Barlow,My parents, Rose and Hyman Mishlove,My stepson, Lewis J. Barlow, a source of pride and joy,With whom I have sharedMany moments of precious awareness.
 
7
Acknowledgements
 This book only exists as a product of the entire community of individuals who have inspired me and whosenames can generally be found in the footnotes and text. For each I have a unique feeling of gratitude andappreciation.I would particularly like to acknowledge Arthur Bloch, James P. Driscoll, Gertrude Schmeidler, and Saul-PaulSirag, -- for their friendship and criticism. Additionally, special assistance has been received from JohnBeloff, Adrian Boshier, William Braud, Stephen Braude, Irvin Child, Henry Dakin, Douglas Dean, BrendaDunne, Jule Eisenbud, Martin Gardner, Patric Geisler, Barnard Grad, Keith Harary, James Harder, DavidHoffman, Albert Krueger, Angela Longo, Ted Mann, James McClenon, Rammurti Mishra, Robert Morris,Thelma Moss, Carroll Nash, A. R. G. Owen, Ted Owens, John Palmer, Harold Puthoff, Dean Radin, K.Ramakrishna Rao, Kathlyn Rhea, William Roll, Milan Ryzl, Jack Sarfatti, Helmut Schmidt, Berthold Schwarz,Ray Stanford, Charles Tart, William Tiller, Jessica Utts, Larissa Vilenskaya, Graham Watkins, Rhea Whiteand Arthur Young and the S. F. Theosophical Library for the generosity of their time and resources.Additionally, I am beholden to over a hundred other individuals who have freely revealed to me many of theirdeepest thoughts in the course of the Thinking Allowed and InnerWork video interviews which serve as ageneral background to the revised edition.
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